1.*The United States*
- **Support for Israel**: The United States is a major ally of Israel, providing significant military, economic, and political support, including billions of dollars in military aid and political backing in international forums.
- **Role in Mediation**: The U.S. has played a significant role in peace process mediation, including the Camp David Accords, the Oslo Agreements, and the recent Abraham Accords.
- **Policy Shifts**: U.S. policy towards the Palestinian issue changes with administrations; for example, the Trump administration recognized Jerusalem as Israel's capital, while the Biden administration has shown greater support for a two-state solution.
2. **Egypt**
- **Geographic and Political Influence**: Egypt shares a border with Gaza and has historically played an important role in Palestinian affairs.
- **Mediation Role**: Egypt acts as a mediator between Israel and Palestinian factions, especially in negotiating ceasefire agreements in Gaza.
- **Economic and Security Cooperation**: Egypt cooperates with Israel on security issues in Sinai and has an interest in maintaining stability in Gaza to prevent conflict spillover.
3. **Jordan**
- **Custodianship of Sacred Sites**: Jordan has a special role as the custodian of Islamic and Christian holy sites in Jerusalem.
- **Palestinian Population**: Jordan hosts a large number of Palestinian refugees and citizens of Palestinian origin, making it invested in a peaceful resolution to the conflict.
- **Diplomatic Engagement**: Jordan advocates for Palestinian rights and a two-state solution in international forums.
4. **Saudi Arabia**
- **Financial Support**: Saudi Arabia provides financial aid to the Palestinian Authority and humanitarian projects in Palestinian territories.
- **Regional Diplomacy**: Saudi Arabia has participated in Arab League initiatives and proposed peace plans, such as the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative.
- **Normalization of Relations with Israel**: While there are no official diplomatic relations with Israel, signs of improving relations could affect the dynamics of the conflict.
5. **The European Union**
- **Humanitarian and Development Aid**: The EU is a major donor to Palestinians, supporting humanitarian aid, development projects, and institution-building.
- **Political Stance**: The EU supports a two-state solution and criticizes Israeli settlement expansion, playing a role in diplomatic efforts to revive peace talks.
- **Trade and Economic Relations**: The EU has significant trade relations with both Israel and Palestinian territories, influencing economic policies.
6. **Iran**
- **Support for Palestinian Factions**: Iran provides financial and military support to groups like Hamas and Islamic Jihad, opposing Israeli policies and advocating for resistance.
- **Regional Influence**: Iran's support for Palestinian factions is part of its broader strategy to extend its influence in the Middle East and counter Israeli and U.S. presence.
7. **Turkey**
- **Political and Humanitarian Support**: Turkey supports Palestinian political aspirations and provides humanitarian aid to Gaza.
- **Diplomatic Advocacy**: Turkey raises the Palestinian issue in international forums and criticizes Israeli policies.
8. **Qatar**
- **Financial Assistance**: Qatar provides substantial financial aid to Gaza, including funding infrastructure projects, humanitarian efforts, and civil servant salaries.
- **Diplomatic Engagement**: Qatar mediates between Palestinian factions and Israel, especially in negotiations related to Gaza.
Conclusion
The Palestinian issue is influenced by a complex network of international players, each with its own interests and agendas. The involvement of these countries significantly impacts the political, economic, and humanitarian landscape of the conflict. Achieving a lasting solution requires serious coordination and ongoing efforts from these key players to address core issues and support a fair and sustainable peace process.